Layoff Tax and the Employment of the Elderly

In 1996 Austria introduced a tax for the layoff of older workers, which was tightened in 2000. The regulation requires employers to pay a tax of up to 170 percent of the gross monthly income when they give notice to employees aged 50 or more. We use data from Austrian social security records to investigate if such layoff taxes lead to less firing of older workers. We compare a control group of workers aged nearly 50 with the treatment group above 50. We apply a difference-in-difference approach to analyze the difference in the displacement probability of all prime aged workers. Results show substantial reductions in layoff behavior for workers aged 50 and above after the tightening of the tax.Layoff tax, labor demand, employment, elderly workers

Layoff Tax and the Employment of the Elderly

In 1996 Austria introduced a tax for the layoff of older workers, which was tightened in 2000. The regulation requires employers to pay a tax of up to 170 percent of the gross monthly income when they give notice to employees aged 50 or more. We use data from Austrian social security records to investigate if such layoff taxes lead to less firing of older workers. We compare a control group of workers aged nearly 50 with the treatment group above 50. We apply a difference-in-difference approach to analyze the difference in the displacement probability of all prime aged workers. Results show substantial reductions in layoff behavior for workers aged 50 and above after the tightening of the tax.Layoff tax, labor demand, employment, elderly workers

Characteristics of stress-induced defects under positive bias in high-k/InGaAs stacks

The introduction of InGaAs as a channel material for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology presents major challenges in terms of the characterization of the various defects that affect the performance and reliability. Understanding the generation of defects by constant voltage stresses is crucial in terms of their concentration profiles and energy levels. In particular, we want to understand the real nature of the defects responsible for the dispersion of C-V in strong accumulation. Here, we show that the degradation under positive bias of metal/Al2O3/n-InGaAs capacitors reveals two contributions depending on the temperature that affects the C-V curves in a different way. Based on features of stressed C-V curves, it is possible to estimate the onset point of the distribution of border traps near the midgap condition. The results suggest that these defects are strongly related to the characteristics of the InGaAs substrate.Fil: Palumbo, Félix Roberto Mario. Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Israel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Winter, R.. Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; IsraelFil: Krylov, I.. Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; IsraelFil: Eizenberg, M.. Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Israe

Job Quality and Employment of Older People in Europe

We study the relationship between job quality and retirement using panel data for European countries (SHARE). While previous studies looked at the impact of bad working conditions on retirement intentions, we can use the panel dimension to study actual retirement as well as other pathways out of a job. As indicators for job quality we use three different approaches: overall job satisfaction, over- and undereducation for a particular job as well as effort-reward imbalance which measures the imbalance between a worker's effort and the rewards he or she receives in turn.retirement, job quality, job satisfaction, educational mismatch, effort-reward imbalance, SHARE

Job Quality and Employment of Older People in Europe

We study the relationship between job quality and retirement using panel data for European countries (SHARE). While previous studies looked at the impact of bad working conditions on retirement intentions, we can use the panel dimension to study actual retirement as well as other pathways out of a job. As indicators for job quality we use three different approaches: overall job sat- isfaction, over- and undereducation for a particular job as well as effort-reward imbalance which measures the imbalance between a worker's effort and the re- wards he or she receives in turn.retirement, job quality, job satisfaction, educational mismatch, effort- reward imbalance, SHARE

Influence of the spatial distribution of border traps in the capacitance frequency dispersion of Al2O3/InGaAs

In this paper, the capacitance frequency dispersion in strong accumulation of capacitance voltage curves has been studied for different high-k dielectric layers in MOS stacks. By studying experimental data at low (77 K) and room temperature (300 K), in oxides with different density of defects, it was possible reflect the spatial distribution of the defects in the capacitance frequency dispersion. The experimental data show that while at room temperature, the capacitance dispersion is dominated by the exchange of carriers from the semiconductor into oxide traps far away from the interface, at low temperature the oxide traps near the Al2O3/InGaAs interface are responsible for the frequency dispersion. The results indicate that the capacitance dispersion in strong accumulation reflect the spatial distribution of traps within the oxide, and that dielectric/semiconductor conduction band offset is a critical parameter for determining the capacitance dispersion for Al2O3/InGaAs based gate stacks.Fil: Palumbo, Félix Roberto Mario. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional; ArgentinaFil: Aguirre, Fernando Leonel. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; ArgentinaFil: Pazos, Sebastián Matías. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; ArgentinaFil: Krylov, Igor. Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; IsraelFil: Winter, Roy. Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; IsraelFil: Eizenberg, Moshe. Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Israe

Covid-19 and the Forces Behind Social Unrest

The unprecedented consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic have raised concerns about intensified social unrest, but evidence for such a link and the underlying channels is still lacking. We use a unique combination of nationally representative survey data, event data on social unrest, and data on Covid-19 fatalities and unemployment at a weekly resolution to investigate the forces behind social unrest in the context of the strains on public health and the economy due to the pandemic in the USA. The results show that pandemic-related unemployment and Covid-19 fatalities intensified negative emotional stress and led to a deterioration of economic confidence among individuals. The prevalence of negative emotional stress, particularly in economically strained and politically polarized environments, was, in turn, associated with intensified social unrest as measured by political protests. No such link is found for economic perceptions

Success Factors of Application Integration: An Exploratory Analysis

The increased deployment of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) applications creates application integration challenges. However, very few articles focus on application integration success. That is why we first analyze these contributions and derive success factor candidates (SFCs). In addition, contributions dealing with problems and risks of application integration and related research fields are examined—as they allow for the derivation of further SFCs. In total twenty-six SFCs are collected. A factor analysis is conducted to examine interrelations between SFCs. It yields seven success factor groups, e.g., architecture management, IT/business alignment, or use of methods. In a second step, an exploratory analysis is conducted to examine the impact of these SFCs on various success indicators of application integration. These success indicators were defined beforehand by analyzing theories for information system (IS) success. As a result of the exploratory analysis, twenty-seven hypotheses are proposed. These hypotheses need to be corroborated in a future confirmatory study